關於 reason同義字 ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

[學術寫作] Coherence and Cohesion in Writing

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英文寫作強調文字和文意上的連貫，包括字句連貫 (cohesion) 以及語意邏輯連貫 (coherence)，也就是說句子和段落之間的詞彙及主題都必須環環相扣。同學們在學習進階英文寫作時，需要多留意這些準則，寫出來的文章才能符合字句連貫 (cohesion) 及語意連貫 (coherence) 兩大原則。

Coherence 一般來說是指將論點與想法合邏輯地安排。從語意的觀點來看，欲寫出思路清晰、邏輯連貫 (coherent) 的文章，需要注意兩大重點: 1. 主題一致 (unity) 整篇文章所傳達的意念需要有一致性，將相同主題的句子放在同一段落。2. 承先啟後 (logical order and transitions) 有系統地和有邏輯地提出論點。在說明論點方面，要按部就班地說明，藉此作者對於自己論點提出足夠的支持理由，使讀者有足夠的資訊來理解作者的想法，如此一來也可使作者的論點更具有說服力和邏輯性。先介紹主題 (topic sentence)，然後循序漸進地鋪陳 (major support)，最後以最新資訊作結 (details and/or exemplification)。

Cohesion 簡單來說是指用有相關性的單字的語言來串連句子、段落與文章使讀者在易於理解前後文。指標詞（signposts and linking words) 可以加強語意連貫 (cohesion): 1. 主要指標詞: 示意文章中的目的，結構，作者的立場，主要觀點，爭論的方向，和結論。 2. 關聯詞和片語: 呈現出句子和句子與段落和段落的連結。

Cohesion 的詳細說明: http://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=fulltext&aId=17303

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一些主要指標詞:
The aim of this study is to ....
The purpose of this thesis is to ....
This essay argues that ....
The main questions addressed in this paper are ....
This essay critically examines ....
This chapter reviews the literature ....
In conclusion, ....

一些關聯詞:
Indicating order:
First (ly), ... / Second(ly), ... / Finally, ... /

Indicating addition or similarity:
also, ... / additionally, ... / furthermore, ... / similarly, ...

Indicating contrast:
however, ... / nevertheless, ... / on the other hand, ... /

Giving a reason:
for this reason, ... / because ... / because of ... / due to ...

Indicating result or consequence:
therefore, ... / thus, ... / as a result, ... / consequently, ...

Reformulating an idea:
in other words, ... / to put it simply, ... / that is ...

Exemplifying:
for example, ... / for instance, ... / to exemplify, ...

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要讓一段文字的字句有連貫性 (cohesive) 可透過以下方式：

1. 重複 (repetition): 可以在第二句再重複前一句所用過的字彙。

2. 同義字 (synonym): 若不想直接重複字彙，也可以用同義字來代表你想重複單字或其概念。

3. 對稱構句 (parallelism): 重複句子的結構。這個技巧雖是最基本的，但也是製造cohesion的有效的方法之一。

4. 連接詞 (conjunctions and transitions): 使用適當的連接詞或副詞使句子符合邏輯地串聯在一起。

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一段文字可能符合字句上的連貫性 (cohesion) 但不符合語意邏輯上的連貫性(coherence)。文章中要達到 cohesion，在句與句之間必須字彙上主題要有相關，而 coherence 是要達到語意上邏輯上的一致性或相關性。

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1. 有字句連貫（cohesion）及語意連貫 (coherence)

"My favorite color is blue. I like it because it is calming and it relaxes me. I often go outside in the summer and lie on the grass and look into the clear blue sky when I am stressed. For this reason, I'd have to say my favorite color is blue."

Cohesive AND coherent: blue --> calming and relaxing --> clear blue sky --> reduces stress --> blue.

這個句既有字句連貫（cohesion）及語意連貫（coherence）。

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2. 有達到字句連貫（cohesion）但不符合語意連貫（coherence）

"My favorite color is blue. Blue sports cars go very fast. Driving in this way is dangerous and can cause many car crashes. I had a car accident once and broke my leg. I was very sad because I had to miss a holiday in Europe because of the injury."

Cohesive NOT coherent: blue --> sports car --> fast driving --> car crashes --> broken Leg --> very sad --> miss holiday in Europe

如你所見，這段文字間具有相關性 (cohesion)，但當這些句子放在同一個段落中卻無法構成意義。文字一開始說明我喜歡藍色但卻以歐洲的旅行作結，語意上的不連貫導致理解困難。

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3. 有達到語意連貫（coherence）但不具有字句連貫（cohesion）

"My favorite color is blue. I'm calm and relaxed. In the summer I lie on the grass and look up."

Coherent NOT cohesive: blue | calm and relaxed | looking up

這段文字語意邏輯上符合一貫性，但缺乏足夠的連接用語 (connector) 把想法串連起來導致整個段落缺乏cohesion，也會造成理解困難。

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字句連貫 (cohesion) 和語意連貫 (coherence) 的教學影片

1. http://tw.91voa.com/home/advanced/ielts/ielts-preparation/3-03-cohesion-coherence-in-writing

2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43AlGwz1Aq0

3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mhGnPh84Vkg (Unity, Coherence, Cohesion)

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學術寫作資源 (Writing Resources): http://goo.gl/5HzXvh

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資料來源:
http://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=fulltext&aId=17303
http://www.cavesbooks.com.tw/CET/ArtContent_tw.aspx?CDE=ART201309060959110XI
http://www.criticism.com/da/coherence.php
http://seas3.elte.hu/coursematerial/KormosJudit/appling7.pdf
http://www.encyclo.co.uk/meaning-of-Cohesion
http://www.bothell.washington.edu/wacc/for-students/eslhandbook/coherence
http://www.slideshare.net/nakulrtm/signposting-writing-development-centre-newcastle-university
http://www.coli.uni-saarland.de/courses/discourse-13/contents/slides/slides_lexical_chains.pdf
Image source: http://www.rgd.ca/database/images/SLD_BrandCoherenceStudy_Final.jpg

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心智圖詞彙攻略: https://bit.ly/2OcAJTb

【BABI/你是豬】將在11月20日，於全台灣戲院正式上映! 並在11月6及7號在《金馬影展》世界首映。

【BABI/你是豬】由真人真事改編, 這起大型的校園種族暴動事件，發生在2000年馬來西亞南方小鎮的一所學校裡。

當時的馬來西亞處在一黨獨大，爛權腐敗，媒體被嚴格控管及消息封鎖的階段。因此這起事件在當時已被相關單位“和諧”，在馬來西亞幾乎沒有人知道。

我想把這部電影拍出來，目的除了要揭露事實的真相，也要藉此提醒馬來西亞人種族之間必須更團結，互助，交流，才不會一直被政治人物利用，以操弄種族情緒而達到政治目的。不然就會發生更多類似的悲劇。。。

“BABI”在馬來語裡面是“豬”的意思。在一般人眼裡，“豬”就只是一個動物的名稱。但在穆斯林的眼裡，豬是不潔的動物，只要在任何媒體上或言論上提到“豬”這個字眼，等同犯了大忌，會引起很大的爭議。而這部電影就是建立在“豬”這個字眼所引發的一系列連鎖效應，最後造成的悲劇。

【BABI/你是豬】在馬來西亞是一部禁片，沒辦法找到投資，因此只用了非常低的成本來拍攝，過程非常艱難和痛苦。但慶幸的是，最後我們不但在重重壓力下完成了拍攝，甚至還受到了各國影展的青睞，包括【德國柏林電影節】，【泰國國際電影節】以及【金馬影展】，有這樣的成績讓我們都感到非常欣慰。

感謝【金馬影展】的評審對【BABI/你是豬】的肯定，希望未來能讓更多人知道，並看得到這一部電影。

我們堅決反對種族政策，反對政府控制媒體及各種官官相護的行為。在此祝願我的國家馬來西亞未來能夠更好，各族團結共榮，一起譴責種族主義和一切歧視的行為。

最後，我要感謝台灣這片土地對不同聲音及藝術作品的包容與接納，感謝台灣，感謝【金馬影展】【金馬獎】以及發行商【華映娛樂】對我的肯定!

我們11月20號不見不散!

‘Babi’ will be available in all Taiwan cinemas on November 20 onwards! The film is also scheduled to debut internationally at the ‘Taipei Golden Horse Film Festival’ on the 6 and 7 of November 2020.

‘BABI’ is a film which is based on an actual real-life event, the movie sheds light on a massive school racial riot, the incident took place in year 2000 in a small town somewhere Southern in Malaysia.

During that time Malaysia was still under the authoritarian rule of one-dominant party, abuse of power and corruption were frequent, media and news were being stringently controlled or filtered. Thus, the incident was being ‘compromised’ by relevant authority, the case was unknown to most of the Malaysians.

I want to disclose the story though art and filming but most importantly sending a message to all Malaysians that we must be more unified disregard of our ethnicity and race. In short, we shall always lend a helping hand to each other and communicate with our hearts and souls therefore we won’t be exploited by politicians who incite racial sentiment to reach their end goal. Otherwise, we will only be trapped in this tragic never-ending cycle…

‘BABI’ in Malay means ‘PIG’. In someone’s eyes, ‘BABI’ is purely just a name for an animal but in Muslim’s eyes, pig resembles unholiness, a word which would radiate sin even mutter from one’s mouth, a taboo word which would spark controversy on any given media or comment section. Hence, this movie is built upon how the word ‘BABI’ triggered a chain reaction which ultimately resulted a series of misfortunes.

‘BABI’ is not passed for screening in Malaysia, a banned film. Due to this reason, the budget for this movie was very limited, I have had only a little of resources to finish this project, the process was arduous and agonizing. Luckily, we have not only completed the film under such immense pressure but being invited to Berlin International Film Festival, International Thai Film Festival and Golden Horse Film Festival as well, I’m relief that our labour and passion bore fruit right in the very end.

I want to thank the judging panel for all the recognition. I hope that in the future more people would know about the film and able to watch it.

We stand firm against any race policy and structural racism, we strongly oppose nepotism and government controlled media. I wish my home country Malaysia, to be ever united against racial policy and has a brighter future ahead.

I would like to thank Taiwan for welcoming all different kind of voices and art, thank you Taiwan. Lastly, shout-out to the ‘Taipei Golden Horse Film Festival’, ‘Golden Horse Awards’ and the film’s distributor ‘CPT Entertainment’ for their acknowledgment.

See you in the cinemas on November 20!

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【你是豬|BABI】購票連結 Ticketing Link: https://www.ezding.com.tw/movieInfo?movieid=1fb7e4b914af42a3b44c268aba72fa75

【你是豬|BABI】預告Trailer：https://youtu.be/_ZuZiHMSXtE

【你是豬|BABI】電影插曲【Happy Family】https://youtu.be/tdnfe3lALd8

【你是豬|BABI】解釋 Penjelasan：https://bit.ly/3mog7ps

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配合《BABI 你是豬》正式在台灣上映，黃明志決定開放福利給粉絲啦‼

黃明志將會於11月13日 - 16日在台灣舉辦《BABI 你是豬》電影見面會。屆時你將會和黃明志一同看電影，還有機會能在電影結束後向黃明志提問，無論你心中有什麼疑惑都可以大膽地提出來！

除了和黃明志近距離接觸外，還有機會獲得簽名海報喔！看到這裡你心動了嗎？心動不如行動，趕快點擊連結買票吧 ?


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🔥王炳忠今日頭條：搜索「王炳忠台灣」
🔥王炳忠臉書粉專：https://www.facebook.com/bingzhong.wang
♦♦♦
Dear international friends, I’m Wang Ping Chung, the spokesperson for one of Taiwan’s political parties named New Party. Hearing on the WHO leader’s accusations of racist campaign from Taiwan, some of Taiwan’s politicians and overseas students denied his allegation and demanded for his apology. However, I think we must be honest.

親愛的國際友人，我是台灣新黨發言人王炳忠。在聽到世衛組織總幹事譚德塞控訴來自台灣的種族歧視攻擊後，一些台灣的政客和留學生否認他的指控，並且要求他道歉。然而，我想我們應該要說真話。

Actually, there have been various attacks on Dr. Tedros from Taiwan’s netizens, especially racism abuse in insulting words like “negro,” “Chinese pig,” and “CCP’s dog.” Dr. Tedros never said Taiwan’s government organized racist campaign against him directly, but he claimed that Taiwan’s Foreign Ministry knew the campaign and did nothing to disassociate themselves.

事實上，確實有各種對譚德塞的攻擊（來自台灣），尤其是利用各種侮辱性字眼的種族歧視，像是「黑鬼」、「中國豬」、「共產黨的狗」。譚德塞從未說是台灣官方直接組織這些霸凌，但他說台灣外務部門明明知道這些攻擊，卻不做任何切割。

It’s quiet difficult to understand how Taiwan’s government and society can permit and even encourage the racist campaign against the WHO leader, and keep pushing Taiwan to join WHO or WHA simultaneously. There’s also no reason why Taiwan’s government denies WHO’s demand, insisting on calling the disease “Wuhan virus” instead of “coronavirus,” and still calls for its membership of WHO.

我們很難理解，何以台灣的官方及社會，竟可以允許甚至鼓勵這種對世衛組織負責人的攻擊，並同時繼續爭取台灣參加世衛組織或世界衛生大會。我們也想不出理由，何以台灣官方拒絕世衛的規定，堅持以「武漢肺炎」稱呼「新冠病毒」，又同時要求加入世衛組織的資格。

Last year, the fact was found that Taiwan’s ruling party, DPP, had been hiring organized cyber warriors to attack their opponents and insult anyone they dislike, resulting in a Taiwan’s diplomat’s suicide. About two months ago, they started the racist campaign against the WHO leader with the same method, bringing this disgusting tactic from Taiwan’s domestic politics to international society.

去年，民進黨長期餵養網軍攻擊對手，肆意侮辱其厭惡對象的事實被揭露，一位台灣外交官員更因此自盡。就在大約兩個月前，他們又用同樣手法開始對世衛組織負責人的霸凌，將原本只在台灣島內搞的惡毒伎倆帶到了國際社會。

Racial discrimination is undoubtedly anti-humanitarian. I feel quiet sorry for the campaign against Dr. Tedros, yet I’m unqualified to apologize to him on behalf of Taiwan. It’s really a shame for anyone from Taiwan who has any sense of justice.

種族歧視無疑是不人道的，我為譚德塞的遭遇感到相當遺憾。可惜我沒資格代表台灣向譚德塞道歉。這對每一個擁有一絲正義感的台灣人來說，絕對都會感到相當恥辱。

『10個抹「殺」事業字句』

雖然有人常說『無心之言』，彷彿有些衝口而出的言語僅僅無心之過。

但是往往有些話語，從口中說出來，其實在某種程度上就是反映著內心的想法。

當然，你真正的想法並不會衝口而出，反而會說出一些修飾過的語言，嘗試掩蓋自己真正的性格和看法。

從10個透露出一個人真正性格的『抹「殺」式字句』中，找出某個人說出這些話背後的真正意義，助你帶眼識人是重要一點。

但更重要的是，如果你常常衝口而出這些字句，你應該知道你成功的阻力是哪些，是時候要改了！

10句抹「殺」式字句中，透露了多少信息？

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「謝謝你觀看這個影片。如果你喜歡的，請按訂閱分享讃好我們的頻道。希望你花一點時間留言回應打招呼。你的留言是我們的動力。期待在這個CHANNEL再見到大家！加油！俾心機！」


-Brian Cha Motivation Team


下面連結，觀看我們更多精彩內容。
??????????
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CwDEVbghVbA


Brian Cha 車志健 是一名具影響力的激勵講師、創業家、銷售專家及亞洲唯一擁有三項不同運動世界紀錄保持者。學員遍佈十多個國家及地區，教導他們怎樣達到事業及人生目標。


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