※ 2017.12.21 觀點—《華盛頓郵報》Ishaan Tharoor ※
加泰隆尼亞今日的大選,不會平息獨立的爭議
加泰隆尼亞正要進行另一次大選。今天(本週四),加泰隆尼亞人又要前往投票站選出新的地方政府領袖,這距離上次場面火爆的獨立公投才不過兩個多月。這一次,各個投票地點大概見不到西班牙警察與人民對打的全武行,但也稱不上是正常環境中的選舉。
自從十月底到現在,馬德里直接統治加泰隆尼亞——本區議會逕行宣布獨立後,西班牙政府將之解散。兩位獨立大將都不在本地指揮政黨的選舉:第一位自然是前加泰隆尼亞自治區主席,卡爾斯・普伊德蒙特(Carles Puigdemont),他目前仍然在布魯塞爾流亡;第二位是自治區副主席,也是他的政治對手,歐里歐・將克拉斯(Oriol Junqueras),他正在馬德里的監獄坐牢。
普伊德蒙特領導的獨立運動,藉加泰隆尼亞區多年蘊釀的親獨立情緒而成長茁壯。但馬德里宣稱:自治區政府的獨立公投違憲,使用公帑舉辦這個一分裂國家的活動,須以刑事罪起訴。
加泰隆尼亞的獨立份子自認追求民族自決,指出絕大多數的選民都希望擁有公投的權利。他們還認為,馬德里的高壓手段代表過去專制的政治壓迫再度還魂。然而,在馬德里的西班牙政府,以總理拉荷義為首的攻治人物,則認為他們是一群叛徒,只會把西班牙拖入一場無必要、反而會導致傾家蕩產的憲政危機。
本週,在華府舉行的一個研討會中,西班牙商會美國分會的主席傑米・馬列特(Jaime Malet),同意上述的看法:三千多家企業因政治不穩定而將總部遷離巴塞隆納,改設在西班牙其他地點。他跟其他分析師同聲警告「蒙特婁效應」——魁北克的獨立公投導致企業出走,離開加拿大的法語區。
馬列特是一位堅決反對獨立的加泰隆人。他認為罪魁禍首是獨立人士所推出的「廣泛、大規模文宣戰」,以及外國勢力的攪局——如維基解密的朱利安・阿桑吉(Julian Assange)以及俄國的宣傳網路。他說:「連委內瑞拉跟北韓都不支持(加泰隆的)分離份子。」
然而,分離主義人士認為他們的理想遭到抹黑,並且把希望寄托於今日的選舉。一位極左翼的親獨立前議員嘉布耶拉・塞拉(Gabriela Serra)表示:「想像一下,如果普伊德蒙特再度當選為自治區主席,到時候,歐盟就不敢再對加泰隆尼亞視而不見。」塞拉還說,屆時普伊德蒙特就可以組「流亡政府」。
民調顯示,親獨立與親統一的選民大致呈現五五波,這突顯了民意的兩極化。《華盛頓郵報》記者 William Booth 昨日從巴塞隆納發出的特電指出:「雖然各方對於明天的投票有不一樣的看法,但他們似乎一致認為,現在是加泰隆尼亞意見最為分歧的時候——民調專家認為週四的大選,獨立與統一不相伯仲,難以預言勝負,此次選舉無法讓此議題獲得解決。」
一位巴塞隆納開健身房的老闆馬丁(Rafa Martin)對《華盛頓郵報》表示:「現在黨同伐異特別嚴重。如果你希望西班牙統一,你就是法西斯。如果你希望加泰隆尼亞獨立,你就是叛徒。」
有趣的是,根據民調,多數的千禧世代支持獨立,顯示此一危機已經大大動員了年輕世代。美國麻州本特利大學(Bentley University)的全球研究所(Global Studies)教授波妮・費爾德(Bonnie Field)說:「這代表加泰隆尼亞起了根本的變化,不是暫時性的結果而已。」
費爾德認為:這次加泰隆尼亞危機的觸發,並不是民族對於自決與自主的古老嚮往,而是出於全球金融危機對西班牙所造成特別嚴重的打擊。西班牙民眾對於懶惰政治菁英、撙節政策的怨恨,在加泰隆尼亞地區更加發酵,完美地契合當地民族主義者對馬德里的積怨 。在此同時,拉荷義又積極打壓任何獨立的辯論,導致馬德里與巴塞隆納各自挺而走險,以極端的政治手段對決。
目前在西班牙陷於貪腐醜聞的執政黨人民黨,想要努力擺脫獨立公投所造成的動蕩,開啟新的一頁。上個月,拉荷義造訪巴塞隆納時表示:「我們必須趕快讓加泰隆尼亞恢復正常,儘快降低社會與經濟的緊張情緒。」然而,他所屬的人民黨很有可能在此次地方選舉中全軍覆沒,支持者很可能改投公民黨(Ciudadanos)——這是一個反貪腐、中間偏右的政黨,剛好也是一個反獨立的政黨。
該黨的黨魁英內斯・阿里馬達斯(Ines Arrimadas)表示:「(本黨的對手)希望大家不要再當西班牙人。我們的希望是減少醫院排隊的時間,改善學校。獨立不能再搞下去。」
只不過,獨立的精靈搞不好很難再塞回瓶子裡了。普伊德蒙特曾表示,如果受到阻撓,分離主義者就會變成「敗北的士兵」,但獨立的願望將永不休止(an invincible cause)。
喬治城大學政治系的教授喬賽・可羅馬(Josep Colomer)表示:這代表西班牙經濟五分之一的加泰隆尼亞「太大了,無法被馬德吸收同化」。這也代表,加泰隆尼亞無法像巴斯克地區一樣可以被馬德里置之不理——曾經動蕩的巴斯克,現在吊詭地享受著徵稅的自主權。他表示,目前的僵局,只會進一步深化危機,造成「西班牙與加泰隆尼亞的雙輸」。
https://www.washingtonpost.com/…/catalonias-latest-electi…/…
圖為自我流亡到布魯塞爾的前加泰隆尼亞自治區主席。
同時也有4部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過361萬的網紅Dan Lok,也在其Youtube影片中提到,Do You Have What It Takes To Go Through Dan Peña’s Hardcore Seminar? If You Don’t Have It Yet, That’s Okay. Start With Dan Lok’s 3-Step Formula To Suc...
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【關鍵數字看福斯事件】德國汽車工業=品質保證?
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9月福斯汽車被爆出使用軟體在廢氣檢測中作假,醜聞越滾越大,也讓德國人的驕傲蒙上陰影。
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Why did Dan drop out of college? In this video you’ll discover Dan’s story and what happened to him once he started pursuing his dreams. Watch this video to find out why Dan dropped out of college.
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2.) Sales Tips That Get People To Buy - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E6Csz_hvXzw&list=PLEmTTOfet46PvAsPpWByNgUWZ5dLJd_I4
3.) Dan Lok’s Best Secrets - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FZNmFJUuTRs&list=PLEmTTOfet46N3NIYsBQ9wku8UBNhtT9QQ
Dan Lok is a Chinese-Canadian business magnate and global educator. Mr. Lok is leading a global education movement spanning across 120+ countries where Mr. Lok has taught millions of men and women to develop high income skills, unlock true financial confidence and master their financial destinies.
Beyond his success in business, Mr. Lok was also a two times TEDx opening speaker. An international best-selling author of over a dozen books. And the host of The Dan Lok Show – a series featuring billionaire tycoons and millionaire entrepreneurs.
Today, Mr. Lok continues to be featured in hundreds of media channels and publications every year and is widely seen as one of the top business leaders by millions around the world.
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Podcast: http://thedanlokshow.danlok.link
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YouTube: http://youtube.danlok.link
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https://youtu.be/UCgU1n7NxR8
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