上次同大家分享COVID現有的不同治療方案
今日跟大家分享下當一個國家COVID爆發時需要大量接種COVID疫苗時面對的困難和難題
***以下內容只作分享用途,所有臨床診斷的考慮請跟隨個別醫院指引***
首先講講全球最常見較為有效而又打了很多劑的疫苗
Adenovirus vector: AZ and J&J
mRNA: Pfizer-BNT and Moderna
至於另一款疫苗如Novavax或台灣高端由於打的人數不多,就沒有太多數據分享
第一件事要認清的是,由於Delta的出現,疫苗並非神藥,以往大家期望的群體免疫在original或alpha上可能可以達到,但在delta蔓延的今日,似乎有難度。
根據大名鼎鼎的NEJM的研究,兩劑AZ對symptomatic infection的保護率大約為67%、而Pfizer-BNT的保護率大約為88%。不過可惜的是同時間有一些研究,例如牛津大學研究發現當接種疫苗過一段時間後,保護力會漸減,BNT尤其受到時間的影響。
另外,初步數據顯示針對delta,疫苗並不能像alpha或original一樣大幅減少打完疫苗的人的病毒含量。打了疫苗的人的病毒含量跟沒打的相當接近,不過疫苗對防止出現病徵和重症或死亡非常有效,只耐何疫苗來得太遲,delta搶先在世上出現。同時初步數據顯示Delta似乎較alpha/original更大機會出現重症和住院的機會,尤其於年輕人身上,不過這需要更多數據支持。
這代表面對惡名昭彰的Delta,我們不能再依靠打疫苗去保護他人,因為疫苗並不能夠阻止delta asymptomatic transmission。當打完疫苗後的病毒量一樣高時,唯一可以做的便是靠打疫苗保護自己,減低自己感染、住院、重症和死亡風險。
不過當大量接種疫苗時,便會出現一些罕有的副作用,這些副作用醫護人員必須Alert的,而處理這些懷疑的副作用亦對醫療系統造成沉重的負擔。但目前所有大型研究都顯示,疫苗副作用造成對醫療系統的負擔跟任由COVID爆發的社會和醫療成本相比是兩個不同級數的事。
================================
VITTS - Vaccine-induced immune thrombosis thrombocytopenic syndrome
在adenovirus vector的疫苗身上被發現罕有地會出現這種病症。初步數據是懷疑因為出現platelet factor 4 (PF-4) antibodies,原理跟HITTS (Heparin Induced thrombotic thrombocytopenic syndrome)類似。
VITTS多數會出現Cerebral Venous Sinus或Splanchnic thrombosis,但亦可在一般常見的血栓位置,例如DVT or PE but much less likely
一般臨床上可能會出現劇烈頭痛/腹痛/成因不明的瘀血(Petechiae)等等,較常於第一劑的4-42日內出現,亦較常見於年輕女性身上 機率視乎人種和年齡和研究的地方,歐洲數據為約0.00034%的機會出現。同時驗血報告中亦會發現血小板偏低和D-dimer偏高以及positive anti-PF4。
不過值得注意的是即使病發初期血小板和d-dimer正常都不一定沒有VITTS,個別個案可以於24-48小時後才出現這些features,視乎clinical suspicion, serial review and FBC might be indicated
================================
心肌炎及心包炎Myocarditis and pericarditis
在mRNA疫苗身上發現的已知罕有副作用,常見炎第二針後的年輕男性(30歲以下)身上,大多於接種第二針後第1-5日後出現,多以心口痛、心悸、暈厥(Syncope)、呼呼短促(SOB)等呈現,病發機率視乎人種、年齡和性別,美國數據為Myocarditis/Pericarditis - 12.6/million = 0.000126% (American Heart Association)
成因未完全了解,但似乎跟免疫系統激活的過程有關(詳情refer AHA report)。大部分患者病情相對輕微,個別患者可能有ECG dynamic changes, ST elevation, troponin rise, mild reduced LvEF on echo,但大部分患者都在短期內出院with full recovery (96% as per AHA)
值得注意的是,myocarditis在歷史上的其他疫苗例如流感、乙肝、天花(small pox)等等都有罕有的機會出現,約10-20 individual/100000 per year
同時感染COVID或其他病毒性感染的話亦可能會出現myocarditis,臨床懷疑的話或需要ECG, troponin, CXR, +/- echo +/- cardiac MRI
=================================
任何醫療選擇都有風險,當一個國家進行社區大型接種時,便需要處理這些問題,英美兩大國的經驗其實為世人提供了好多寶貴實用的資訊,好讓大家不用走冤枉路。
隨著時間的過去,愈來愈多數據和研究讓大家自行分析,多讀書多看研究才不會被任何人誤導,緊記保持批判性思考,無論任何人的高見都別不經消化和思考去接受。
Reference for further reading
1. ATAGI statement ATAGI statement regarding COVID-19 vaccines in the setting of transmission of the Delta variant of concern
https://www.health.gov.au/news/atagi-statement-regarding-covid-19-vaccines-in-the-setting-of-transmission-of-the-delta-variant-of-concern
2. NEJM - Effectiveness of Covid-19 Vaccines against the B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2108891
3. Oxford University Studies Preprint - Vaccines still effective against Delta variant of concern, says Oxford-led study of the COVID-19 Infections Survey
https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2021-08-19-vaccines-still-effective-against-delta-variant-concern-says-oxford-led-study-covid
4. AHA - Myocarditis With COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056135
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吳亦凡也上彭博了
suspicion 在 キャットゲームチャンネルCAT GAME CHANNEL Youtube 的最佳貼文
GBA版FF4疑惑のテーマ→https://youtu.be/yL0VCulS9A4
FF4BGM動画一覧
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLvVyT54ttkYXKOgL_b1c_yWA8JwiDbVuB
FFピクセルリマスター FF4攻略動画一覧
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FFピクセルリマスター FF4のBGMを紹介します
今回はカイン関連イベント時などBGM「疑惑のテーマ」です
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c 1991, 2021 SQUARE ENIX CO., LTD. All Rights Reserved.
LOGO ILLUSTRATION: c 1991 YOSHITAKA AMANO
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ピクセルリマスター版FF4疑惑のテーマ→https://youtu.be/CV-AjihJtv4
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FF4アドバンスのBGMを紹介します
今回はカイン関連イベント時などBGM「疑惑のテーマ」です
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c 1991,2005 SQUARE ENIX Co.,LTD. All Rights Reserved.
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Brand new 20 mins full body workout! There's low impacts and no jumping alternatives so don't worry, you can do this! This video is part of the 4 weeks Summer Shred Challenge. Please leave a comment down below with how you went, and also feel free to join my community on discord if you need motivation.
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IMPORTANT DISCLAIMER: Some people may see my video titles as click-bait. YouTubers optimise their video's meta data for discovery due to how the algorithm is like. This isn't anything new. Most people who've been watching YouTube for years would understand this. If you're unhappy and get triggered by this, well, this channel isn't for you then. I’ve provided free workout schedules and programs since day 1 and have always optimised my meta data as such so that's not going to change.
Having said that, it doesn't mean the workout do not work. You will still see results by following a suitable program schedule, watching your diet, being in a deficit or surplus (based on your goals), doing exercises in good form, etc. These are all equally important factors. You're not going to get abs, grow a booty, grow biceps magically from 1 or 2 videos, in 1, 2, 3 or 4 weeks cause everyone is different. I've explain multiple times throughout videos throughout my channel over years that it takes time and lots of factors, so don't take a video title out of context. Targetting fat loss is not scientifically proven. Everyone is different and it takes time.
When doing any home workouts, do take precaution to exercise in a safe environment, and if you need help or you're not seeing results, I suggest seeing a health and fitness professional to give you tailored advice on your exercise form and dietary needs. I am not a medical professional and what I share on my channel are my views and what has worked for myself. Your health and safety is the utmost importance so find out what works for you.
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