關於 power on 2 pdf ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

TỪ VỰNG IELTS CHỦ ĐỀ ENVIRONMENT [Kèm PDF bài mẫu]
🍄PHẦN TỪ VỰNG
- carbon dioxide ≈ greenhouse gases (khí thải nhà kính) ≈ emissions (khí thải)
- the greenhouse effect: hiệu ứng nhà kính
- average global temperatures ≈ the earth’s average temperatures ≈ our planet’s average temperatures: nhiệt độ trung bình toàn cầu/trái đất
- human activity: hoạt động của con người
- deforestation ≈ forest clearance ≈ illegal logging (chặt cây trái pháp luật) ≈ cutting and burning trees
- produce = release + khí thải + into….(v): thải khí thải ra đâu
- the burning of fossil fuels: việc đốt nhiên liệu hóa thạch
- ozone layer depletion: sự phá hủy tầng ô-zôn
- melting of the polar ice caps: việc tan chảy các tảng băng ở cực
- sea levels: mực nước biển
- extreme weather conditions: những điều kiện thời tiết khắc nghiệt
- put heavy pressure on…: đặt áp lực nặng nề lên…
- wildlife habitats: môi trường sống của động vật hoang dã
- the extinction of many species of animals and plants: sự tuyệt chủng của nhiều loài động thực vật
- people’s health: sức khỏe của con người
- introduce laws to…: ban hành luật để….
- renewable energy from solar, wind or water power: năng lượng tái tạo từ năng lượng mặt trời, gió và nước.
- raise public awareness: nâng cao ý thức cộng đồng
- promote public campaigns: đẩy mạnh các chiến dịch cộng đồng
- posing a serious threat to: gây ra sự đe dọa đối với
- power plants = power stations: các trạm năng lượng
- absorb: hấp thụ
- global warming = climate change: nóng lên toàn cầu/ biến đổi khí hậu
- solve = tackle = address = deal with: giải quyết
🍄PHẦN BÀI MẪU +PHÂN TÍCH + PDF page mình xem chi tiết tại đây nhé:
https://ielts-nguyenhuyen.com/tu-vung-ielts-chu-de-environment/
#ieltsnguyenhuyen

淺談「假新聞」

最近上課時學到一個新單字「positionality」，讓我想到當前社群媒體上，不停看到的「fake news」——假新聞。

簡言之，「positionality」(位置性) 被定義為於種族、階級、性別、性取向以及能力等狀態中，創造你身分的社會與政治背景。位置性還描述了你的身分如何影響你對世界的理解與看法，以及潛在的偏見。

positionality 位置性；定位
https://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/3390885/
https://www.lexico.com/definition/positionality

以下是我對「positionality」與 「fake news」的些許觀點：

“Fake news” has permeated all facets of life, ranging from social media interaction to presidential elections. Fake news can be defined as “fabricated information that mimics news media content in form but not in organizational process or intent” (Lazer et al., 2018, p. 1094). The creators and outlets of fake news do not ensure the accuracy and credibility of information, but rather disseminate misinformation or disinformation for purposes ranging from personal amusement to creating deceptions to achieve political aims. At times, fake news is created and disseminated by state or non-state actors using social media accounts and networks of bots designed to hijack feed algorithms of platforms such as Twitter or Facebook (Prier, 2017, p. 54). In the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign, Facebook estimated that up to 60 million bots were used to post political content. Some of the same bots were then used in an attempt to influence the 2017 French election (Lazer et al., 2018, p. 1095). Such campaigns can be understood as a form of information warfare, a comprehensive attempt to control and influence every facet of the information supply chain, thereby influencing public opinion and behaviors. (Prier, 2017, p. 54). Often, fake news is not directly created by actors that seek to manipulate but by journalists or content creators whose content favors or aligns with the narratives of these actors (Doshi, 2020).

從社群媒體的互動到總統選舉，「假新聞」（fake news）已滲透至生活的各個層面。假新聞可被定義為「在形式上而非組織過程或意圖上，模仿新聞媒體內容所捏造的資訊」（Lazer et al., 2018, p. 1094）。無論是出於個人愛好或為達政治目的而有所欺瞞，假新聞的製造者與傳播管道並不保證資訊的準確性與可信度，反而是為了散播錯誤訊息（misinformation）或扭曲訊息（disinformation）。有時，假新聞是由國家或非國家行為者（state or non-state actors）所製造與傳播，藉由社群媒體帳號及網絡機器人來劫持諸如臉書與推特等平臺的推送演算法（Prier, 2017, p. 54）。在2016年的美國總統大選中，臉書估計有多達６千萬個機器人被用來發布政治貼文。其中，有部分機器人被用於影響隔年的法國大選（Lazer et al., 2018, p. 1095）。此類行動可視為資訊戰（information warfare）的一種形式，一種對控制與影響資訊供應鏈各環節的全面嘗試，從而影響公眾輿論與行為（Prier, 2017, p. 54）。假新聞通常是由記者或內容創造者（content creators）所創造，而非試圖操弄的行為者，前者的內容偏好符合後者的敘事（Doshi, 2020）。

Nevertheless, while the term “fake news” is commonplace, there is no universal, measurable way to quantify the fakeness or truthfulness of news. There are many fact-checking and media-bias detection tools, but they cannot objectively detect and clarify the more subtle and nuanced aims of manipulative actors that play a crucial role in news production. It can also be argued that the veracity of news depends not only on the actors that seek to manipulate it, but also on the positionality of its consumers. Therefore, one’s initial line of defense against misleading news lies not in the plethora of fact-checking devices but more in one’s pre-existing dispositions and skills to think and act in response to misleading information. This ability can be referred to as critical thinking, which can be more concretely expounded as “reasonable and reflective thinking focused on deciding what to believe or do” (Ennis, 2011, p. 15).

然而，即便「假新聞」一詞隨處可見，卻沒有統一、可衡量的方式來量化新聞的虛假性或真實性。目前有許多事實查核與媒體偏見檢測工具，但它們無法客觀地檢測與說明行為操弄者更狡猾、更細緻的目標，而這些操弄者往往在新聞的生產中發揮著重要作用。我們也可以說，新聞的真實性不僅取決於試圖操弄它的行為者，同時還取決於新聞受眾的位置性。因此，一個人對抗誤導性新聞的第一道防線，不在於這些五花八門的事實查核方式，反而在於個人所固有的性格，以及針對誤導性資訊的思考與行動等相關技能。這種能力可稱為批判性思考（critical thinking），意即「專注於決定相信什麼或做什麼的理性思考與反思性思考」（Ennis, 2011, p. 15）。

Taiwan, also known as the Republic of China (ROC), is at the forefront of information warfare. It is wedged between the geopolitical struggles of global and regional hegemonies such as the United States and China, the People's Republic of China (PRC). Compounding the matter are the Taiwan’s own political actors vying for influence and power. This struggle seeps into all aspects of life and practice, mainly manifesting itself on social media, a battleground of information warfare. The Ministry of Education of Taiwan is cognizant of these information campaigns, and efforts have been made to introduce media literacy into all parts of its education system. According to the ministry, the government has tried to promote media literacy education since 2000 (MOE, 2002, p. 1), with one of its primary goals to cultivate its “citizens” abilities for independent learning, critical thinking, and problem solving” (MOE, 2002, p. 2).

臺灣，也被稱為中華民國，正處於資訊戰的最前線。這是全球霸權與地區霸權之間——如美國與中國（中華人民共和國）——的地緣政治對抗。使問題惡化的是臺灣自身的政治行動者對影響力與權力的奪取。這場對抗遍布於現實生活的各個面向，主要於社群媒體中——資訊戰的戰場——展露無遺。臺灣的教育部注意到了這些資訊的煙硝，並已努力將媒體素養引入其教育體系。據該部稱，自2000年以來，政府一直試圖推展媒體素養教育（MOE, 2002, p. 1），其主要目標之一是培養「公民獨立學習、批判性思考以及解決問題的能力。」（MOE, 2002, p. 2）。

★★★★★★★★★★★★

上述段落認為，由於個人的位置性(positionality)，「假新聞」極難定義。此外，有許多人把不符合自身成見與偏好的新聞逕斥為假新聞。這其實相當危險，因為個人觀點將會變得愈發孤立與激進。

閱聽人應意識到，他們在網路上看到的每個資訊都有特定立場。是否真有毫無立場的新聞文章？為了對抗操弄性或強制性資訊（coercive information），我們必須意識到權力於個中的作用，以及我們自身的位置性如何形塑我們的詮釋。這是我們的第一道防線。

★★★★★★★★★★★★

參考文獻

Doshi, R. (2020, January). China steps up its information war in Taiwan. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved March, 21, 2021, from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2020-01-09/china-steps-its-information-war-taiwan

Ennis, R. H. (1985). A logical basis for measuring critical thinking skills. Educational leadership, 43(2), 44-48.

Lazer, D. M., Baum, M. A., Benkler, Y., Berinsky, A. J., Greenhill, K. M., Menczer, F., ... & Zittrain, J. L. (2018). The science of fake news. Science, 359(6380), 1094-1096.

MOE (Ministry of Education), Taiwan. (2002). White paper on media literacy educational policy. Retrieved March, 21, 2021, from http://english.moe.gov.tw/public/Attachment/ 2122416591771.pdf

Prier, J. (2017). Commanding the trend: Social media as information warfare. Strategic Studies Quarterly: SSQ, 11(4), 50-85.

★★★★★★★★★★★★

教育時評: http://bit.ly/39ABON9

相關詞彙: https://bit.ly/2UncrfI

TED相關影片: https://bit.ly/3BDsDKl

THỬ SỨC VỚI MỘT ĐỀ THI SPEAKING PART 2 MỚI CỦA QUÝ 2/2021
>> Download bản PDF tại đây: https://m.me/286585161523028?ref=Describeanenvironmentalproblem

Describe an environmental problem that has occurred in your country.
You should say:
- What the cause of the problem is
- What effect it has had on your country
- What action has been taken to solve this
- Why you think it is important to solve this problem
I’m gonna talk about air pollution, which is one of the most severe environmental problems in my city.
This issue is caused by several reasons. Firstly, due to modernization, private vehicles become more affordable for people from all walks of life. This leads to the fact that there are more and more cars, trucks and motorbikes instead of bicycles commuting on roads. As a result, the amount of exhaust emissions stemming from these modes of transport increases, and therefore the atmosphere is contaminated. Secondly, more factories and power plants built also contribute to air pollution.
As regards actions taken to solve this problem, people should use environmentally-friendly transportations like bicycles or buses instead of their private vehicles like cars or motorbikes. Another action might be that it’s the government’s responsibility to plant more trees in the city and encourage their citizens to plant trees at home.
Of course, it’s vital for us to come up with other solutions to mitigate this issue as soon as we can because of its clear detriments. You know, breathing in such severely polluted air can be very harmful to our health. To be more specific, long-term exposure to air pollution might lead to several diseases associated with heart, lungs, cancers and other health problems. In addition to that, the severity of polluted air causes the high frequency of smog in the morning, which makes commuters difficult to see. As a result, there might be more traffic accidents occurring in my city. That’s why it’s important for us to control air pollution.
* air pollution /ˈeə pəˌluː.ʃən/ (noun phr.): sự ô nhiễm môi trường
* affordable /əˈfɔː.də.bəl/ (adj): có khả năng chi trả được, rẻ
* walk of life (idiom): người từ các địa vị khác nhau
* exhaust emissions /ɪɡˈzɔːst iˈmɪʃ.ən/ (noun phr.): lượng khí thải
* contaminate /kənˈtæm.ɪ.neɪt/ (verb): làm ô nhiễm
* come up with something (phrasal verb): nghĩ ra (biện pháp gì, ý tưởng gì)
* mitigate something /ˈmɪt.ɪ.ɡeɪt/ (verb): làm giảm nhẹ cái gì
* detriment /ˈdet.rɪ.mənt/ (noun): tác hại
* long-term exposure to something /ɪkˈspəʊ.ʒər/ (noun phr.): tiếp xúc lâu dài với cái gì
* associated with something /əˈsəʊ.si.eɪ.tɪd/ (adj): liên quan đến cái gì
* severity /sɪˈver.ə.ti/ (noun): sự nghiêm trọng

Mom! I'm on the Taiwanese News!: https://tw.appledaily.com/international/20201203/2QJRE43V4FFE7OGNBIF3ODBA5Q/

Who's Prozzie?!:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4G_IDdZk02s&ab_channel=LukasEngstr%C3%B6m

2021 National Defense Authorization Act: https://docs.house.gov/billsthisweek/20201207/CRPT-116hrpt617.pdf

DK The Human's Road to Ramen blog:
https://roadtoramen.com/Day-322-How-to-Move-to-Taiwan-During-a-Pandemic-9b98345daee942af98839bfd30687778

Do you want to see MORE videos like this one? Please consider supporting me on Patreon as all my income will go directly back into the channel and cover either future travels or other resources: https://www.patreon.com/LukasEngstrom

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If you want to send my something that might be shown in a future video, please send it to:

ATT: Lukas
RM. 2, 6F., NO.201, FUHE RD.,
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Business inquiries:
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創作者經紀人/Contact person: - Maggie
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Email: contact@lukasengstrom.com

The following is the gear I’m using when making my videos. I’m part of Amazon Services LLC Associates Program which means that I will get a small commission if you purchase anything via my links. Any commission I’ll be getting will go straight back into buying new gear for my future videos, so any kind of support is highly appreciated!

Cameras:
Canon EOS R (main camera): https://amzn.to/3fCbINR
Canon M50 (B-cam): https://amzn.to/2Tf998r
Insta360 One X (Best 360 camera): https://amzn.to/2KfwBjd
Insta 360 One X R (Best 360/action cam combo): https://amzn.to/3maHqE9

Lenses:
Canon RF 15-35mm F2.8 L IS USM: https://amzn.to/3o4N8YZ
Canon RF 24-70mm F2.8 L IS USM: https://amzn.to/34RDy1V
Canon EF 24mm f/1.4L II USM: https://amzn.to/2O0a62Y
Canon EF 50mm f/1.8 STM https://amzn.to/2O5DJA0
Canon EF-S 10-18mm f/4.5-5.6 IS STM: https://amzn.to/2X88oR7

Studio equipment:
2x Rode NT2A Microphone set: https://amzn.to/3fBoOuK
Ninja V recorder: https://amzn.to/36azTzR
SanDisk Ultra 3D 1TB SSD: https://amzn.to/36f1pfH
SanDisk Ultra 3D 2TB SSD: https://amzn.to/3fErckb
DJI:
Drone: DJI Mavic 2 Zoom: https://amzn.to/2Sak4CX
Mavic 2 Fly More Kit: https://amzn.to/2TlpLLT
Gimbal: DJI Ronin-S Handheld 3-Axis: https://amzn.to/2NG4L20

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Microphone: RØDE VideoMic Pro+: https://amzn.to/2Tg9mbx
2x SanDisk Extreme Pro Memory Card (128GB): https://amzn.to/2Oi0CQX
Bag: Lowepro ProTactic BP 450 AW II:https://amzn.to/2NDbCsN
Canon EOS M Mount Adapter: https://amzn.to/2O1jH9I
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Transcend ESD240C Portable SSD (480GB): https://amzn.to/2X5L7xW
Transcend ESD350C Portable SSD (480GB): https://amzn.to/32LBzeg
Transcend StoreJet 25MC HDD (1TB): https://amzn.to/2KekmUd
Transcend 128GB microSD: https://amzn.to/2tCkOmw
MacBook Pro 16”: https://amzn.to/3fElb77 Asus VP28UQG 28" 4K/UHD monitor: https://amzn.to/2CE5eeI

今日は久々の登場ミニオヤジ。iPhoneは一昨日まとめましたが、昨日今日でそれ以外のニュースが出てきたので、ここ２週間分くらいの中から気になるものをピックアップしてまとめました。

＜引用させていただいた記事＞
MacRumors
https://www.macrumors.com/2020/10/02/iphone-13-lineup-rumored-120hz-iphone-se-3-2022/
記事内ロスヤング氏Twitter
https://twitter.com/DSCCRoss/status/1312013153547452418

https://www.macrumors.com/2020/10/04/ipad-air-touch-id-podcast/
記事内YouTubeインタビュー
All New 2020 iPad Lineup! Interview with Bob Borchers and John Ternus #016
https://youtu.be/Bs8ez2i4Uf0
記事内ガーマン氏Twitter
https://www.macrumors.com/2020/10/01/new-ipad-air-retail-hints-imminent-launch/

https://twitter.com/markgurman/status/1311414895380819968


9to5Mac
https://9to5mac.com/2020/10/04/ipad-air-4-benchmark-results-emerge-on-the-web-as-apple-reportedly-prepares-a14-apple-tv/
記事内Fudge氏Twitter
https://twitter.com/choco_bit/status/1312353030084456448

https://9to5mac.com/2020/10/01/apple-schedules-fiscal-q4-2020-earnings-release-for-october-29/
https://9to5mac.com/2020/10/01/apple-catches-electronics-recycler-illegally-reselling-over-100000-iphones-ipads-apple-watches/
https://9to5mac.com/2020/09/28/judge-expects-epic-vs-apple-trial-in-july-2021-says-epic-was-not-honest-with-its-tactics/
https://9to5mac.com/2020/09/29/jamf-announces-rebuilt-jamf-connect-with-face-id-login-for-mac-using-iphone-coming-in-early-2021/
https://9to5mac.com/2020/09/26/apple-watch-series-3-watchos-7/
https://9to5mac.com/2020/09/23/ipad-pro-in-q4/
https://9to5mac.com/2020/09/21/apple-watch-series-6-teardown/

Digitimes
https://www.digitimes.com/news/a20200926PD200.html
PASMO
https://www.pasmo.co.jp/pressrelease/pdf/apple_PressRelease_October1_2020.pdf

Apple RUMORs
https://twitter.com/a_rumors1111/status/1311669298792787968

＜関連動画＞
今月発表発売か？iPhone 12についての噂やニュースまとめ・2020/10/03
https://youtu.be/Q_N3KsgF9YA
2020新型！10分でわかるiPad Air 第4世代/iPad 第8世代・iPad Pro 11"などとスペック比較！ホームボタン無しTouch ID！A14！
https://youtu.be/g9Q1oasqV2w

9/8に何か発表？Watchは10月？AirTag？5G iPhoneミリ波はMaxだけ？今週のApple 2020/9/7・ほぼ週刊のニュースと噂まとめ
https://youtu.be/z7Jxycvr9qk
機種変シーズン間近！iPhone/Apple WatchのSuicaの疑問Q&A 17・Apple Payのモバイルスイカ
https://youtu.be/1CQ0wIUqh7Q
次期新型iPhone 12シリーズ用とされるケース全3サイズ入手！どんなサイズ感か既存機種と比較して遊んでみた・5.4インチ6.1インチ6.7インチケース
https://youtu.be/0hd6gCI5uAo
使用10ヶ月弱！iPhone 11 Pro再レビュー・良かった点/イマイチな点を長期使用で改めて。iPhone 12の進化に期待したい
https://youtu.be/odt7D_r5XfQ
理想のiPhone8を妄想してみました／リーク画像をうけて自分でもイラレでスケッチ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OGytHUG5jS8

撮影機材

・Panasonic Lumix GH5s
・Panasonic Lumix GH5
・Canon Power Shot G7X Mark II
・iPhone 11 Pro（Simフリー）
・iPhone 11（Simフリー）
・iPhone XS Max（Simフリー）
・iPhone X（Simフリー）
・iPadPro 11”（Simフリー）
・DJI OSMO Pocket
・Moment iPhone 外付けレンズ＆専用ケース

動画編集
Final Cut Pro X
Adobe Illustrator(スライド)
Adobe Photoshop(スライド）
Adobe Character Animator（アニメーション）
※チャンネル全般で使っているものであって動画によって機材アプリは違います。

#Apple
#iPadAir4
#iPhone12

本編で使用した曲：Twin Musicomの「Italian Afternoon」はCreative Commons By Attribution License.（https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/us/）によりライセンス付与されています。
アーティスト： http://www.twinmusicom.org/

Today we are talking about how Taiwan went from "Garbage Island" to recycling paradise!

Taipei City Garbage truck tracking: http://www.dep-in.gov.taipei/epb/iframe/trash.aspx

Taipei City Recycling truck time table: https://www-ws.gov.taipei/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9VcGxvYWQvMzYzL3JlbGZpbGUvNDExNDMvNzUzNDQ1NC9hYzA3OGJhNS03YTNmLTRiNGEtOGJlYy00YmZmYjlhODdhNGEucGRm&n=6LOH5rqQ5Zue5pS25YiG6aGe5LiA6Ka96KGo5ZyW5paH5pG66aCBLeiLseaWh%2beJiC5wZGY%3d&icon=..pdf

New Taipei City Recycling truck time table: https://crd-rubbish.epd.ntpc.gov.tw/dispPageBox/Ntpcepd/NtpCp.aspx?ddsPageID=SEARCHC&

Do you want to see MORE videos like this one? Please consider supporting me on Patreon as all my income will go directly back into the channel and cover either future travels or other resources: https://www.patreon.com/LukasEngstrom


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Email: contact@lukasengstrom.com

All music from Epidemic Sound: http://share.epidemicsound.com/DlqDP

The following is the gear I’m using when making my videos. I’m part of Amazon Services LLC Associates Program which means that I will get a small commission if you purchase anything via my links. Any commission I’ll be getting will go straight back into buying new gear for my future videos, so any sort of support is highly appreciated!

MAIN GEAR:

Insta360:
https://www.insta360.com/sal/onex_real_estate_kit?insrc=INR0P5F
Camera: Canon EOS R: https://amzn.to/2CAybbh
Lens: Canon RF 24-70mm F2.8 L IS USM: https://amzn.to/34RDy1V
Insta360 One X: https://amzn.to/2KfwBjd
Tripod: JOBY GorillaPod 5K Kit: https://amzn.to/36VxMhy
Microphone: RØDE VideoMic Pro+: https://amzn.to/2Tg9mbx
Drone: DJI Mavic 2 Zoom: https://amzn.to/2Sak4CX
Mavic 2 Fly More Kit: https://amzn.to/2TlpLLT
Gimbal: DJI Ronin-S Handheld 3-Axis: https://amzn.to/2NG4L20
2x SanDisk Extreme Pro Memory Card (128GB): https://amzn.to/2Oi0CQX
Bag: Lowepro ProTactic BP 450 AW II:https://amzn.to/2NDbCsN

BACK-UP GEAR:
Camera: Canon M50: https://amzn.to/2Tf998r
Lens: Canon EF 24mm f/1.4L II USM: https://amzn.to/2O0a62Y
Lens: Canon EF 50mm f/1.8 STM https://amzn.to/2O5DJA0
Lens: Canon EF-S 10-18mm f/4.5-5.6 IS STM: https://amzn.to/2X88oR7
Canon EOS M Mount Adapter: https://amzn.to/2O1jH9I
Canon EF-EOS R Mount Adapter: https://amzn.to/2NDak0V
JOBY Gorillapod 3K: https://amzn.to/2S3GQfR

OTHER GEAR:
ADATA SD600Q SSD (240GB): https://amzn.to/2Wp28Tf
ADATA D8000L LED Power Bank: https://amzn.to/34MrlLY
Transcend ESD240C Portable SSD (480GB): https://amzn.to/2X5L7xW
Transcend ESD350C Portable SSD (480GB): https://amzn.to/32LBzeg
Transcend StoreJet 25MC HDD (1TB): https://amzn.to/2KekmUd
Transcend 128GB microSD: https://amzn.to/2tCkOmw
MacBook Pro 15” - TouchBar: https://amzn.to/2p7rSsy
Asus VP28UQG 28" 4K/UHD monitor: https://amzn.to/2CE5eeI

Special thanks to STC for helping me out with filters:
STC website：https://stcoptics.com/en/
STC Facebook：https://www.facebook.com/STCOptics/
CPL：https://stcoptics.com/en/shvcpl/
VND：https://stcoptics.com/en/vnd/
ICELAVA：https://stcoptics.com/en/icelava/
E-shop：https://shop.stcoptics.com/ Thank you: https://vectorflags.com/taiwan/tw-heart-01

Garbage PNG for thumbnail: a href='https://pngtree.com/so/hand-vector' hand-vector png from pngtree.com /a